Pronoun

Read in your textbook or in any other available resource on the topic of Verb BE. 3. Write a personal ad describing yourself, activities you do, hobbies, where you work, where do you live, etc. Focus on two or three questions available in Appendix A to write your ad. 4. Bring the ad to class. Prep-04-26-04 Carmen L. Lambda, De-D. 7 program O'Hara 5. Carry out some research on someone famous. Think of a person you would like to interview and do some research on the Internet on that person. It could be an athlete, and actress or actor, or the president. Make sure you have enough information on this person. Activities 1. Ice breaker activity will be carried out.In order to do this, have students read their ads. Ask students to listen to the ads and have them jot down any similarity or striking fact they would like to hear more about. After everyone reads their ad, have students get up and go about the room and ask each other about specific details they thought were interesting. Let them converse among themselves. . After that, have students talk about something they found out or thought interesting about the people they talked to. Facilitator can participate in this activity. 3. Facilitator provides an overview of the course. Particular emphasis should be placed on objectives, evaluation criteria, student participation, and group work.If any changes are made to the grading evaluation criteria, these should be given in writing to the student and the office program during the first workshop. 4. Discuss evaluation criteria. 5. Select Student Representative. 6. Tell students they are going to review the alphabet and most of all review alphabetical order. Tell them you are going to give each student a card. Each card has the name of a different animal, or thing. Ask students to look at their card, but tell no one what they have. By acting (walking, acting, or making sounds) like the animal or thing they should go around the room and try to place themselves in correct a lphabetical order.Facilitator should create his/ her own list of things and animals, but these are some examples: a. Kangaroo b. Ostrich c. Tiger d. Bear 8 e. Clock f. Snake g. Bird h. Train 7. Provide students with about 10 minutes to try to sort themselves alphabetically. Once students are sorted, have them read out their card. Did they get it right? Be sure to review any alphabetizing questions they may have. 8. Present students with a review of the VERB BE in present tense. Am am from Mexico City (l am) What's your name? (What is) My name is Maria Where are you from? 9. Have students pair up. Ask students to interview each other, making sure each student gets the name, phone number and address of the person he/ she is interviewing. 10.Have students introduce the person by providing the details requested (phone number, name, and address). Have them use the phrases: This is (name). His/Her address is His/Her phone number . 11. As students say the information help them and guide th em to say the addresses and phone numbers correctly concentrating on the numbers and on using the verb be correctly. 12. Have students again pair up. Facilitator should try pairing them up with someone different each time. Ask them to decide on a famous person they would like to interview. This famous person could be an athlete, actor, actress, or president. Use the research you carried out prior to the workshop. 13. Write up an interview for that famous person.Have One of the students portray the famous person and have the other person be the interviewer. Practice your interview and present the role play to the class. Be sure to use verb be correctly. 9 14. Have students complete the assignment presented in Appendix B. Students should hand in during the next workshop (Workshop 2). (HINT: Make copies of the assignment and hand in once you complete it. 15. Offer a preview of Workshop 2 and discuss upcoming homework. In order for students to complete the homework, ask them to work in groups. Make sure the composition of the group has been decided before they leave the classroom. Ask them to provide you with a list with the group members. Groups should not have more than four students.

International student essay Essay

The relations between the representatives of various cultures, either social or economical grow stronger with each passing year due to the globalization. In my opinion, the opportunity to get to know the other cultures and lifestyles through communication with its representatives is invaluable, as no books, movies or reports about the chosen country, can present such complete and accurate information, as people can. The circumstances were that China became the country were I got my first serious working experience, after graduating with a major in Chinese and English from the acclaimed Daewon Foreign Language High School. I spent two years working in this country, and that was when I became interested in China, in the opportunities that the diverse and multiple populations of these state presents to the businessman, in the peculiarities and technologies of its fast-growing economy. That was when I felt that Chinese economics was growing, and I realized it had the potential for becoming the world’s biggest and most powerful one. It was than that I felt I was interested in establishing business relationships and working in that country. Considering these facts, I feel I would like to study with a person who grew up in China, in a state, whose social system and economy are very different from that in my country of origin. My opinion is that for to work successfully in a foreign country, you should be well acquainted with its language, cultural patterns, and the way of life, as they influence business directly. Communication with the person who spent his/her childhood and youth in the country of my interest would help me to have an insight into the specifics of life in China. Unfortunately, in the present time I have little opportunities of practicing Chinese, and studying with a person of Chinese origin would also improve my language skills. I believe that people can and, moreover, should study from each other, share their experiences, as it is the most convenient way to get the most valuable practical knowledge. I hope that while studying in the University of Texas in Austin both my classmates and I will have a chance to benefit from communication with students with various cultural and academic backgrounds.

Detergents Case Essay

A detergent is a surfactant or a mixture of surfactants with â€Å"cleaning properties in dilute solutions.†[1] These substances are usually alkylbenzenesulfonates, a family of compounds that are similar to soap but are more soluble in hard water, because the polar sulfonate (of detergents) is less likely than the polar carboxyl (of soap) to bind to calcium and other ions found in hard water. In most household contexts, the term detergent by itself refers specifically to laundry detergent or dish detergent, as opposed to hand soap or other types of cleaning agents. Detergents are commonly available as powders or concentrated solutions. Detergents, like soaps, work because they are amphiphilic: partly hydrophilic (polar) and partly hydrophobic (non-polar). Their dual nature facilitates the mixture of hydrophobic compounds (like oil and grease) with water. Because air is not hydrophilic, detergents are also foaming agents to varying degrees. Contents [hide] 1 Chemical classification of detergents 1.1 Anionic detergents 1.2 Cationic detergents 1.3 Non-ionic and zwitterionic detergents 2 Major applications of detergents 2.1 Laundry detergents 2.2 Fuel additives 2.3 Biological Reagent 2.4 Soapless soap 3 See also 4 References 5 External links [edit]Chemical classification of detergents Detergents are classified into three broad groupings, depending on the electrical charge of the surfactants. [edit]Anionic detergents Typical anionic detergents are alkylbenzenesulfonates. The alkylbenzene portion of these anions is lipophilic and the sulfonate is hydrophilic. Two different varieties have been popularized, those with branched alkyl groups and those with linear alkyl groups. The former were largely phased out in economically advanced societies because they are poorly biodegradable.[2] An estimated 6 billion kilograms of anionic detergents are produced annually for domestic markets. Bile acids, such as deoxycholic acid (DOC), are anionic detergents produced by the liver to aid in digestion and absorption of fats and oils. Three kinds of anionic detergents: a branched sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate, linear sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate, and a soap. [edit]Cationic detergents Cationic detergents are similar to the anionic ones, with a hydrophobic component, but, instead of the anionic sulfonate group, the cationic surfactants have quaternary ammonium as the polar end. The ammonium center is positively charged.[2] [edit]Non-ionic and zwitterionic detergents Non-ionic detergents are characterized by their uncharged, hydrophilic headgroups. Typical non-ionic detergents are based on polyoxyethylene or a glycoside. Common examples of the former include Tween, Triton, and the Brij series. These materials are also known as ethoxylates or PEGylates. Glycosides have a sugar as their uncharged hydrophilic headgroup. Examples include octyl-thioglucoside and maltosides. HEGA and MEGA series detergents are similar, possessing a sugar alcohol as headgroup. Zwitterionic detergents possess a net zero charge arising from the presence of equal numbers of +1 and −1 charged chemical groups. Examples include CHAPS. See surfactants for more applications. [edit]Major applications of detergents [edit]Laundry detergents Main article: laundry detergent One of the largest applications of detergents is for cleaning clothing. The formulations are complex, reflecting the diverse demands of the application and the highly competitive consumer market. In general, laundry detergents contain water softeners, surfactants, bleach, enzymes, brighteners, fragrances, and many other agents. The formulation is strongly affected by the temperature of the cleaning water and varies from country to country. [edit]Fuel additives Both carburetors and fuel injector components of Otto engines benefit from detergents in the fuels to prevent fouling. Concentrations are about 300 ppm. Typical detergents are long-chain amines and amides such as polyisobuteneamine and polyisobuteneamide/succinimide.[3] [edit]Biological Reagent Reagent grade detergents are employed for the isolation and purification of integral membrane proteins found in biological cells. Advancements in the purity and sophistication of detergents have facilitated structural and biophysical characterization of important membrane proteins such as ion channels,[4] transporters, signaling receptors, and photosystem II.[5] [edit]Soapless soap Soapless soap refers to a soapfree liquid cleanser with a slightly acidic pH.[6] Soapless soaps are used in an array of products.

What can we learn from the product management of Microsoft Vista, and Essay

What can we learn from the product management of Microsoft Vista, and how to apply the lessons learned in managing digital products in general - Essay Example Product management is an organizational function within a company dealing with the planning or marketing of a product or products at all stages of the product lifecycle. Product management is also a collective term used to describe the broad sum of diverse activities performed in the interest of delivering a particular product to market" (Wikipedia, 2008). The purpose of this paper is to deter what we can learn from the product management of Microsoft Vista, as well as how to apply the lessons learned in managing digital products in general.The features of Windows Vista differ according to the edition: Ultimate, Home Premium, Home Basic, Business, or Enterprise. According to Microsoft, "Ultimate provides the power, security, and mobility features needed for work, and all the entertainment features that you want for fun" (2008). They claim that Home Premium, "provides a breakthrough design that brings your world into sharper focus while delivering the productivity, entertainment, and security you need from your PC at home or on the go" (2008). Their description of Home Basic is that "Easy to set up and maintain, it enables you to quickly find what you're looking for on your PC and the Internet, while providing a more secure environment to help protect you from an unpredictable world" (2008). They argue that with their Business version, users will "spend less time on technology support-related issues-so you can spend more time making your business successful" (2008). Finally, they claim that Enterprise was "Designed to significantly lower IT costs and risks, Windows Vista Enterprise meets the needs of large, global organizations with complex IT infrastructures" (2008). Physical products have several advantages over digital products, but there are also some disadvantages. First of all, pictures or actual representations or examples of physical products can be shown. Second, many shoppers know that they often get a real bargain when they shop for physical items online versus in a store, and the convenience of being able to shop from anywhere is second to none. Finally, physical products that are online appeal to a much larger and diverse pool of shoppers than those that are in stores in any given city. The downsides of physical products include that they are often expensive to ship, some physical products are perishable, and the inventory must be stored somewhere which is often a significant additional expense to the seller (Collins, 2007). Digital products have their advantages and disadvantages as well. First of all, there is no storage space needed other than for electronic storage. There is no need to worry about shipping, as customers can download the products. The downsides of digital products include vulnerability to computer problems, equipment maintenance costs, and the need for Internet with higher bandwidth (Collins, 2007). According to Wikipedia, "In business and engineering, new product development (NPD) is the term used to describe the complete process of bringing a new product or service to market. There are two parallel paths involved in the NPD process: one involves the idea generation, product design, and detail engineering; the other involves market research and marketing analysis. Companies typically see new product development as the first stage in generating and commercializing new products within the overall strategic process of product life cycle management used to maintain or grow their market share" (2008). This concept applies to digital products just as much as it does physical products. The following is a model of the new product development process. It shows the process starting with discovery, and then continuing on to exploration, scoping, building the business case, development, testing and validation, launch and, finally, post launch review. The strategic planning contained in such a

Why school lunches should be picked up by the childrens parents Essay

Why school lunches should be picked up by the childrens parents - Essay Example Balanced diet not only helps them in their physical growth but also ensures mental alertness that facilitates their academic advancements. Also, the increasing concern of rapidly growing obesity amongst children in America has emerged as major social problem. In US, in the last three decades, and obesity in children and adolescent has nearly tripled (HHS News, 2001, ref.1). At the same time, lack of proper nourishment amongst children coming from impoverished families of immigrants, have compounded the problem of academia where children are not able to cope with the stress of the education curricula. In such a scenario, school lunches serve as vital linkages for creating facilitating environment for improved academic results and healthy eating habits. Thesis statement School lunches would help inculcate better eating habits amongst children and thereby help arrest the increasing tendency of obesity amongst American children. Rationale for the proposal Good nutrition and healthy food significantly contributes to a child’s proper growth and general well being that helps to improve his or her academic achievements. In the increasing pluralistic society, the diversity of race, income and nationality has brought forth huge social problems of conflicting ideologies and wide income disparity. The children living in impoverished conditions in the neighborhood colonies have inadvertently become innocent victim of the time. Delgade (2005) asserts that in 2000, 35.7% of Latino population was less than 18 years of age and therefore, in 20 years of time, there will be lot more younger Latinos. There is huge number of dropouts because of many reasons, not the least important being poverty and lack of will to educate themselves. US census corroborates his statement and confirms that that by 2050, Latinos will reach 25% of the total U.S. population (US Census, 1999). This is staggering number could create mammoth social problem if the low literacy problem amongst childr en of the immigrant and impoverished families is not addresses urgently. Mid day lunch in schools would provide them with healthy food and help meet their physical, mental and emotional need when they would be better able to contribute positively to their academic grades. Obesity amongst children of mainstream American population is another worrying aspect which must be tackled in more effective manner. CDC data reveals that from 1980 to 2008, childhood obesity had increased from 6.5% to nearly 20% for 6-11 year olds and 5% to 18% for 12-19 year olds. Studies have shown that fat intake of children in US has inadequate amounts of fresh fruits, vegetables, and complex carbohydrates, but excessive amounts of fats. The increasing tendency towards fast food promotes sedentary lifestyle which causes obesity (Ebbeling et al., 2002; Smith, 1999). The widespread ramifications of obesity considerably increase risks to life and health. Diseases like high blood pressure, heart problems, diabete s are some of the major by products of obesity. The children therefore must be encouraged towards healthy dietary habits and active lifestyle. Solution to the problem The advancing technology has covertly promoted sedentary lifestyle amongst children as children have become addicted to the computers, television and mobile phones. This has also resulted in bad eating habits and erratic schedule. The increasing consumption of fast food and aerated drinks by amongst children and adolescents are the major causes for their obese and overweight problems as they are high on calories and low on nourishment. The policy of school lunch for students during school hours, therefore, becomes highly relevant for children as it would encourage healthy diet at the right time. The

Case Study Chapter 12 How Do You Solve a Problem Like Maria

Chapter 12 How Do You Solve a Problem Like Maria - Case Study Example Maria is an excellent resource to the school; diversity encourages creativity among other new ideas, which enhances competitiveness of the institution in question. From the case study, we see her taking the initiatives of communicating to the less fortunate girls among other children with different challenges, which seem to affect their life in school. These kinds of the initiative will ultimately boost the performance of the school. Such girls will have the courage to face life challenges as they have a person who guides and motivates them. This idea came from Maria, and it is a clear example of a new idea, which boost competitiveness (Miller 227). Diversity creates an opportunity where an institution creates an effective environment, which meets global standards. In reference to the case study, we see it was through the diversity that they came to uphold the position of Maria in the District School. If they had not taken the initiative of hiring her, they would not have realized the benefits along with hiring women. Such standards enhance the institution’s competitiveness (Miller 227). Tokenism in this case is about challenges facing Maria, yet she does not have the authority to overcome some of these issues. Ideal example is the issue concerning role model. It is ethical for a teacher to be a role model to the students, but this practically possible if the administration is acting as a role model to the minor teachers as well. In this instance, Maria feels challenges because she is doing a lot, but getting little in return of her efforts (Miller 229). The tokenism issues that Maria has to deal with concerns doing a lot and getting little appreciation. They think it is a privilege to offer her the job opportunity, but they do not value the effort in classroom, supportive talks she offers to students and the community service duties. If I were the communication consultant

Ethics from the dark side PowerPoint Presentation

Ethics from the dark side - PowerPoint Presentation Example ext slide of the PowerPoint explains why people make unethical decisions; it thus, identifies two fundamental factors vis-Ã  -vis individual factors such as the social-economic status of a person and the unique environment such as the workplace as the bottom line influencers. In the following slides the PowerPoint examines the different groups of the factors, which influences individuals to behave unethically, collectively called the psychological traps. It examines such traps as the primary, defensive and personality. Moreover, the PowerPoint examines the various factors enlisted by the Ethics Professional, the Society of Corporate Compliance as the other causes of unethical behaviour. These include the need, opportunity and rationalisation. However, under the rationalisation element the PowerPoint enlists the various rationalisation people give for acting unethically such as the golden generalisation, ethics of surrender, they are just as bad excuse, consequentialism, and the tit for tat excuse. The remaining slides of the PowerPoint explores the different techniques that leaders and managers can employ to manage the aforementioned unethical decisions in their different

Tourism research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Tourism research - Essay Example In the end, every tourism research has its own exceptional methodology, as defined by the supervisors and researchers overseeing the research. This report was conducted because of the turn down of visitors to regional parks. It seeks to obtain information that will enable park managers to improve park attractions and service quality. Since the relevant information obtained through visitor surveys can help assess the visitor’s behavior and their expectations of national parks, the supervisors and researchers decided to conduct a quantitative survey through a self completion questionnaire. The research review was centered mainly on visitors to regional parks. According to Balalia and Petrescu (2011), in order to motivate visitors to visit regional parks, park managers and supervisors had to understand the aspirations, needs and behaviors of the visitors. The research methodology also required interpretation and communication of the aims, park values and goals with the aim of improving visitor experiences and support. A questionnaire was developed with relevant questions posted to a sample of the visitor population. The survey asked questions on frequency, awareness and purpose in areas where potential issues exist. The questions about the participants themselves included gender, place of residence, age group as well as the highest level of education completed. Other questions included the main mode of transportation when visiting a regional park, frequency of visits, who accompanies the participants to the park as well as type of events that would attract them to the park. The questionnaire method was chosen because it is less expensive and the questions were few to answer hence, less time consuming. The answers that were obtained were analyzed carefully to be able to understand the information about visitors. The participants were requested to fill in the questionnaire during two weeks of 1st August to 14th August 2011. The sample of

How Bespoke In The Face Of Challenges Find A New Way To Work Essay

How Bespoke In The Face Of Challenges Find A New Way To Work - Essay Example Considering the attention and time invested to detail while creating a bespoke suit, the costs are justifiable. It is cheaper, compared to a ready to wear garments. Similar services are provided by couture industry, however, the customer pays for a tailored suit at the same time purchasing the glamor of the name o the designer. Bespoke tailoring is moderately priced. In addition, with the increase in prices, many customers realized the convenience of bespoke tailoring. According to Timothy Everest a Savile Row Tailor, women preferred men tailors to haute couture. He further states that bespoke trousers are cheaper in British. (De La Haye, 1997) Savile Row tailors at Hawkes and Gieves can produce a suit that costs up to  £1400. However, there are many small bespoke businesses in the UK that offer affordable prices. In the year 2010, Raymond Andrews, a gent’s bespoke tailor advertised a three piece suit at  £400. Contrary a wool jacket from Yves Winter was sold at  £3174. Modern tailoring originated in the nineteenth century. By then men’s tunics had become short and close to the body in a fitting manner. Since then, the tailoring method of making the fabric to fit the body evolved and still in existence to date. Throughout the centuries that followed, skills developed along with the fashion’s demands. Continuously, the current three piece suit has been reworked. Slowly it evolved from tunic in the fourteenth century, to frock coat in the seventeenth century and in mid-nineteenth century classic form. In the nineteenth century bespoke tailoring became famous and maintained the popularity before being taken over by ready-to-wear in the 1950’s. Through several revivals, the world has recognized its richness in heritage and craft. This is evident in the wardrobes of the respectable Victorian male interpretation, to the attractiveness of Edward VIII and stars in Hollywood. Its’

Where there is discord, let there be harmony by Thatcher Essay

Where there is discord, let there be harmony by Thatcher - Essay Example of reference or it’s a negotiated contractual relation aimed at satisfying the interest of all stakeholders in an interdependent group under a pluralist frame of reference (Fox, 1966, p. 1-19). However, considered that under some empirical contexts, industrial relation can also be based on radical frame of reference which considers the relation between employee and employer illegitimate because it solely aimed at satisfying the interest of the employer (Fox, 1966, p. 1-19 ) and is based on a tradition which attempts to transcend the inequalities of class-based society. It is helpless to labour within capitalism but its identifying agency role in transforming capitalism. Unitary frame of reference refers to assumptions, attitudes, values, and practices pertaining to membership and thus, workers must be considered must be loyal and the whole interest are considered (Fox, 1966, p. 1-19). The latter means that the interest of the industry and the state should also be considered. T he pluralist frame of reference, on the other hand, refers to powerful subgroupings of members with their respective leaders whom they’d profess their perspectives (Fox, 1966, p. 1-19). The management in this reference must lean toward enforcing, controlling, influence, and coordination. Fox (1966) delved in to IR  in  UK  and the effect of Thatcher’s labour reform law to collective bargaining and the industrial action or unions’ responses to established institutional prerogatives and positions (pp. 1-19). For him, the unitarist route to improve cooperation between  workers  and  management was questioned based on scientific causes rather than on normative grounds (Fox, 1966, p. 1-19). He also distinguished the structural determinants of behaviours from action-level determinants. The... For him, the unitarist route to improve cooperation between workers and management was questioned based on scientific causes rather than on normative grounds (Fox, 1966, p. 1-19). He also distinguished the structural determinants of behaviours from action-level determinants. The action-level determinants are internal which affect attitudes, socialization processes, and perceptions while others are subjective and inter-subjective means of employing the meaning to the world (p, 1-19) which affect attitudes, culture, socialisation, perceptions, definitions while others are subjective and inter-subjective means of employing meaning to the social world (p. 1-19 ). He explained that industrial behaviour and the relationships between them are shaped not only by their personhood but by the technology they used at work, the structure of authority, communications and status within which they are employed (Fox 1966, p. 1-19). Fox (1966) thought that trade unions are legal representations of emp loyees and can be channelled to positive change if collective bargaining is appreciated a s means of dispute settlement. Workers at that epoch were demanding for more humane work conditions and greater representation in decision-making bodies in corporations, including those ran by the state (Fox, 1966, p. 1-16). They raised legitimate issues on unfair dismissal, maternity or paternity rights, leaves, protection of wages, and equal or redundancy pay (Fox, 1966, p. 1-16).

How does cultural views impact on education Essay

How does cultural views impact on education - Essay Example Therefore, the purpose and principals must be maintained for success (Wilson, p. 16). There are also many democratic views that have much influence on the culture of successful schools. Parents must also be involved with the students and teachers in major decisions for progress to be made. Some parents are even invited to serve on the school decision making groups. Preparing the students for the world of democracy must be taken very seriously. Developing educational caring relationships within the educational establishments also creates a much healthier learning environment. Respect and responsibility are critical for establishing these kinds of relationships. Once a more personal relationship is created with the students and faculty, the learning process is always more understandable (Dorczak, p. 47). Many high schools have also been funded by organizations promoting better culture. These were just small contributions, but eventually led to much larger amounts of funding as a result of the success initiating culture the schools has for everyone. Even the large colleges were taking part in promoting better relationships in the classrooms and campuses. However, the relationships must also extend to the communities outside of the schools. Helping the communities in ways which are acceptable to the surrounding areas will create a positive image for the schools. Activities such as lending help with work tasks, aiding the elderly, homeless or disabled, and joining organizations which also pre-form many community helping events are all good ideas to improve the neighborhoods. A positive environment for learning is also created with culture, and creates a passion that makes individuals want to share their knowledge with friends and family. When this passion is created it can be released in many healthy ways such as simple

History of the Malaysian Constitution Essay Example for Free

History of the Malaysian Constitution Essay The foundation of the Constitution of Malaysia was laid on 10 September 1877. It began with the first meeting of the Council of State in Perak, where the British first started to assert their influence in the Malay states. Under the terms of the Pangkor Engagement of 1874 between the Sultan of Perak and the British, the Sultan was obliged to accept a British Resident. Hugh Low, the second British Resident, convinced the Sultan to set up advisory Council of State, the forerunner of the state legislative assembly. Similar Councils were constituted in the other Malay states as and when they came under British protection. Originally playing an advisory role, the function of the council was later extended to include both legislative and executive functions. This continued until 1948 when the Federation of Malaya was formed by two agreements, namely the State Agreement and the Federation of Malaya Agreement. The State Agreement was of great significance to Malaysias constitutional development. By virtue of this agreement, the Malay Rulers with the advice and concurrence of the traditional chiefs and elders of the states promulgated their respective State Constitutions except for Johor and Terengganu where Constitutions had already been in place since 1895 and 1911 respectively. The Rulers were also required to distinguish the legislative power in their respective states from the executive power, by constituting a legislative body, called the Council of State and State Executive Council whose advice he was required to obtained. The Federation of Malaya Agreement that served as the core for the current federal system of central government was concluded as a compromise to the much-opposed Malayan Union. The Federation consisted of the Federated Malay States (FMS), the Unfederated Malay States and the Straits Settlements of Penang and Melaka. The FMS consisted of Perak, Selangor, Pahang and Negeri Sembilan while the non-FMS were Kedah, Perlis, Kelantan, Terengganu and Johor. The federal government comprised the High Commissioner, an Executive Council and Legislative Council. The agreement also provided for a Conference of Rulers with its own elected chairman. Each of the states had its own Executive Council and Council of States to deal with all matters not specifically reserved to the Federation. The Federal Government was responsible for defence, the police, and the railways, labour, broadcasting, post and finance. This 1948 Constitution remained in force with some essential amendments, until 1957 when the Federation of Malaya gained its ndependence. A constitutional conference was held in London from 18 January to 6 February 1956 when the British promised Independence and self-government to the Federation of Malaya. It was attended by a delegation from the Federation of Malaya, consisting of four representatives of the Malay Rulers, the Chief Minister of the Federation (Tunku Abdul Rahman) and three other ministers, and also by the British High Commissioner in Malaya and his advisers. 1] The conference proposed the appointment of a commission to devise a constitution for a fully self-governing and independent Federation of Malaya. [2] This proposal was accepted by Queen Elizabeth II and the Malay Rulers. Accordingly, pursuant to such agreement, the Reid Commission, consisting of constitutional experts from fellow Commonwealth countries and headed by Lord William Reid, a distinguished Lord-of-Appeal-in-Ordinary, was appointed to make recommendations for a suitable constitution. The report of the Commission was completed on 11 February 1957. The report was then examined by a working party appointed by the British Government, the Conference of Rulers and the Government of the Federation of Malaya and the Federal Constitution was enacted on the basis of its recommendations. [4] The Constitution came into force on 27 August 1957 but formal independence was only achieved on 31 August however. The constitutional machinery devised to bring the new constitution into force consisted of: In the United Kingdom, the Federation of Malaya Independence Act 1957, together with the Orders in Council made under it. The Federation of Malaya Independence Act, 1957 passed by the British Parliament gave parliamentary approval to Her Britannic Majesty Queen Elizabeth II to terminate her sovereignty and jurisdiction in respect of the Straits Settlements of Melaka and Penang and all powers and jurisdiction in respect of the Malay States or the Federation as a whole. The Federation of Malaya Agreement 1957, made on 5 August 1957 between the British High Commissioner on behalf of Queen Elizabeth II and the Malay Rulers. The Agreement contained the new Constitution of the Federation of Malaya (and the new constitutions of Penang and Melaka). In the Federation, the Federal Constitution Ordinance 1957, passed on 27 August 1957 by the Federal Legislative Council of the Federation of Malaya formed under the Federation of Malaya Agreement 1948. The new constitutions of the Federation as well as Penang and Melaka were given the force of law by the Ordinance. In each of the Malay states, State Enactments, and in Melaka and Penang, resolutions of the State Legislatures, approving and giving force of law to the federal constitution. The Federal Constitution was significantly amended when Sabah, Sarawak, and Singapore joined the Federation to form Malaysia in 1963.

Enthalpy of Displacement

Enthalpy of Displacement Saran Singh Sound Aim: To determine the enthalpy change of displacement between zinc powder and copper sulphate Zn (s) + CuSO4 (aq) Cu (s) + ZnSO4 (aq) Chemicals – CuSO ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­4 Solution ( concentration = 0.5 mol.dm3 ) Zinc (s) Powder Data Collection – Table 1: List of apparatus and Least Count and Uncertainties of Measuring Instruments Used S. No. Instrument Unit Least Count Uncertainty 1. Butter Paper n/a n/a n/a 2. Cardboard Lid n/a n/a n/a 3. Digital Laboratory Thermometer Celsius 0.1  ºC  ±0.1  ºC 4. Digital Weighing Balance Grams 0.001g  ±0.001g 5. Measuring Cylinder cm3 1cm3  ±0.5cm3 6. Polystyrene Cup n/a n/a n/a 7. Digital Stopwatch Seconds 0.01s  ±0.01s Qualitative Data Time Temperature Table 2.1: Mass of Zinc Powder Mass of Zinc (s) /M/g/ ±0.001g Trial 1 0.244g Trial 2 2.523g Trial 3 2.416g Table 2.2 : Collected Data Time/t/s/ ±0.01s Temperature/T/ °c/ ±0.1 °c Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 30.00 28.4 28.6 60.00 28.4 28.6 90.00 28.4 28.6 120.00 28.4 28.6 150.00 29.1 33.0 180.00 31.2 38.4 210.00 32.9 41.9 240.00 35.0 44.8 270.00 37.5 46.3 300.00 40.0 47.2 330.00 41.6 47.4 360.00 42.5 47.1 390.00 42.5 46.6 420.00 42.3 45.9 450.00 42.1 45.4 480.00 41.6 45.0 510.00 41.0 44.4 540.00 40.5 43.4 570.00 40.0 42.8 600.00 39.4 41.9 630.00 38.7 41.0 660.00 38.0 40.6 690.00 37.4 39.8 720.00 36.6 39.2 750.00 36.0 38.4 780.00 35.5 37.6 810.00 34.7 36.8 840.00 34.0 36.0 870.00 33.2 35.6 900.00 32.6 34.6 930.00 33.7 960.00 32.9 990.00 32.1 Qualitative Observation: It was observed that when Zinc (s) powder was added to the CuSO4 ­ solution it immediately reacted making the solution warmer .The color of the solution at the beginning was greenish in color which then turned colorless after the Zinc (s) powder had reacted. After the reaction was over, it was observed that Copper had precipitated at the bottom of the cup as a result of it being displaced by Zinc (s) powder. Formulas: Mass = No. of Moles (aq) x Molar Mass (s) And No. of Moles = Concentration x Volume And à ¢- ²H = Extrapolation Temperature Initial Temperature And Enthalpy Change = Mass x Specific Heat Capacity x à ¢- ²H And Molar Enthalpy Change = And Mass of water = volume of copper sulphate solution And Percentage Deviation = x100 Trial 1: Volume of CuSO4 (aq) 60.0cm3 Mass of Water 60g Specific Heat Capacity 4.18 J.g‑1. ºC-1 Initial Temperature 28.4  ºC Extrapolation temperature 53.0  ºC Time at which Zinc (s) powder was added 120s The graph is used to estimate the change in temperature of the displacement reaction between CuSO4 solution and Zinc (s) powder. The gradient of the best fit line shows the rate of decrease of temperature. Calculation:- No. of Moles of 60.0cm3 CuSO4 (aq) = (60/1000) x 0.5 = 0.03 mol ... Mass of Zinc (s) powder = 0.03 x 65 = 1.961g However for this experiment, mass of zinc had to be taken in excess. Therefore, Mass of Zinc is greater than actual mass required as seen in Table 2.1 à ¢- ²H = 28.4 – 53.0 = -24.60  ºC  ±0.01s Enthalpy Change = 60 x 4.18 x -24.6 = -6169.68 J = -6.16968 kJ Molar Enthalpy Change = = -205.7 kJ.mol-1 As this reaction is exothermic i.e heat is released, enthalpy change is negative. The literature value of Enthalpy Change for this displacement reaction is -217kJ.mol-1 Percentage Deviation = x 100 = 5.2% Deviation. Note: There were two assumptions made during this experiment. The Specific Heat Cpacity of the solution is same as water No Heat is lost to the surrounding Trial 2: Volume of CuSO4 (aq) 70.0cm3 Mass of Water 60g Specific Heat Capacity 4.18 J.g‑1. ºC-1 Initial Temperature 28.6 ºC Extrapolation temperature 57.0  ºC Time at which Zinc (s) powder was added The graph is used to estimate the change in temperature of the displacement reaction between CuSO4 solution and Zinc (s) powder. The gradient of the best fit line shows the rate of decrease of temperature. Calculation:- No. of Moles of 70.0cm3 CuSO4 (aq) = (70/1000) x 0.5 = 0.035 mol ... Mass of Zinc (s) powder = 0.035 x 65 = 2.275g However for this experiment, mass of zinc had to be taken in excess. Therefore, Mass of Zinc is greater than actual mass required as seen in Table 2.1 à ¢- ²H = 28.6 – 57.0 = -28.40  ºC  ±0.01s Enthalpy Change = 70 x 4.18 x -28.40 = -8309.84 J = -8.30984 kJ Molar Enthalpy Change = = -207.7 kJ.mol-1 As this reaction is exothermic i.e heat is released, enthalpy change is negative. The literature value of Enthalpy Change for this displacement reaction is -217kJ.mol-1 Percentage Deviation = x 100 = 4.3% Deviation. Note: There were two assumptions made during this experiment. The Specific Heat Cpacity of the solution is same as water No Heat is lost to the surrounding Trial 3: Volume of CuSO4 (aq) 70.0cm3 Mass of Water 60g Specific Heat Capacity 4.18 J.g‑1. ºC-1 Initial Temperature 28.6 ºC Extrapolation temperature 57.0  ºC Time at which Zinc (s) powder was added 120s The graph is used to estimate the change in temperature of the displacement reaction between CuSO4 solution and Zinc (s) powder. The gradient of the best fit line shows the rate of decrease of temperature. Calculation:- No. of Moles of 70.0cm3 CuSO4 (aq) = (70/1000) x 0.5 = 0.035 mol ... Mass of Zinc (s) powder = 0.035 x 65 = 2.275g However for this experiment, mass of zinc had to be taken in excess. Therefore, Mass of Zinc is greater than actual mass required as seen in Table 2.1 à ¢- ²H = 28.6 – 57.0 = -28.40  ºC  ±0.01s Enthalpy Change = 70 x 4.18 x -28.40 = -8309.84 J = -8.30984 kJ Molar Enthalpy Change = = -207.7 kJ.mol-1 As this reaction is exothermic i.e heat is released, enthalpy change is negative. The literature value of Enthalpy Change for this displacement reaction is -217kJ.mol-1 Percentage Deviation = x 100 = 4.3% Deviation. Note: There were two assumptions made during this experiment. The Specific Heat Cpacity of the solution is same as water No Heat is lost to the surrounding Conclusion: The displacement reaction between Zinc (s) powder and CuSO4 solution is exothermic as heat is released to its immiediate surroundings. This is supported by the calculations of all the three trials. The Zinc (s) is in powder form which reacts faster with CuSO4 solution as it has a larger surface area. By observing the graph it is found that after reaching the peak temperature, the new solutions temperature starts to decrease which means that its is loosing heat to its surrounding. The line of best fit on the graph shows the temperature change in an ideal situation. However, in reality heat is lost to the surroundings and the specific heat capacity of the solution may not be the same as water. This reaction between Zinc (s) powder and CuSO4 ­ takes place becaude Zinc (S) powder is more reactive thancopper in CuSO4 solution. Therefore, causing copper to precipitate. It is also possible that the concentration of the Cuso4 solution was lower , causing less energy to be released then expected. The temperature change increases as volume of CuSO4 is increased as more Zinc (s) powder is required to react therefore releasing more energy. This is suggested by the calculations for Trial 1, Trial2 and Trial 3. The percentage deviation of the experimental readings to the literature value is not that high suggesting few errors in the experiment. However, we attributed them to certain and possible errors.

False Imprisonment And Merchant Protection Statutes Law Essay

False Imprisonment And Merchant Protection Statutes Law Essay Although the area of business law with which I am most familiar and have the most knowledge is contract law, secured transactions and bankruptcy, my first jury trial was a case involving a slip and fall at the old Rickshaw Hotel which was located across from the former Garden State Race Track on Route 70 in Cherry Hill, New Jersey [This really dates me because the Rickshaw Hotel is now a car dealership and the Racetrack is a shopping center]. In a law firm, the newest associate is usually given the garbage cases, ones which were not likely to succeed and with which a partner did not want to be associated. This case was brought into our office shortly before trial, because an attorney who was licensed only in Pennsylvania thought he could have settled it before trial. However, there was one piece of testimony from a deposition that led the defense to believe the case had no merit. That statement was in answer to a question to the injured woman, When and where did you learn of the tear in the carpet at the hotel? She answered, In my attorneys office when he told me there was a tear in the carpet. I started the trial by telling the jury in the opening statement, That the defense would very shortly tell you, members of the jury, that This case is a fraud and that the reason they know it is a fake, is because of the deposition testimony. I said, Just the opposite is the case. This is a very truthful woman. She answered the question correctly, because that is exactly what happened. She did learn of the tear from her former attorney. If she had not been walking down a poorly lit hallway, if she could have seen the torn carpet, surely she would not have caught her foot in the tear, she did not see the tear as she fell and hit her head against the wooden chair rail on the wall, she did not see it as she lay unconsciously on the floor and she never saw it as she was carried on a stretcher out of the building. The case settled before I called my first witness. Every negligence case centers on what would the ordinary reasonable person find to be the case. Week Two OBJECTIVES Upon completion of this workshop, students are expected to competently: Describe the concept of ethical leadership. Understand the key concepts of ethics in the context of a business environment. Comprehend the concepts of Duty of Care, Negligence and Liability. Intentional torts against persons and against property Assault and battery Assault is the threat of immediate harm or offensive contact or any action that arouses reasonable apprehension of imminent harm. Actual physical contact is unnecessary. Battery is the unauthorized and harmful or offensive physical contact with another person. Direct physical contact is unnecessary. False imprisonment and merchant protection statutes False imprisonment is intentional confinement or restraint of another person without authority or justification and without that persons consent. Merchant protection statutes allow merchants to stop, detain, and investigate suspected shoplifters without being held liable for false imprisonment if (1) there are reasonable grounds for suspicion, (2) suspects are detained for only a reasonable time, and (3) investigations are conducted in a reasonable manner. Defamation of character and invasion of privacy If a person makes a false statement about another person, that is defamation of character. In court, a plaintiff must prove that the defendant make an untrue statement of fact about the plaintiff and that the statement was intentionally or accidentally published to a third party. Public figures cannot recover for defamation unless they can prove that the defendant acted with actual malice. Every person has a right to live his or her life without being subjected to unwarranted and undesired publicity. Violation of this right is the tort of invasion of the right to privacy. Intentional torts against property Interference with an owners right to exclusive possession of land constitutes the tort of trespass to land. Trespass to personal property occurs whenever one person injures another persons personal property. Conversion of personal property occurs when someone who originally is given possession of personal property fails to return it. Negligence Elements of Negligence Elements of negligence include: That the defendant owed a duty of care to the plaintiff A duty of care is the obligation we all owe to each other not to cause unreasonable harm or risk of harm. Courts decide whether a duty of care is owed in specific cases by applying a reasonable person standard (how would an objective, careful, and conscientious person have acted in the same circumstances) or a reasonable professional standard (where the defendant has a particular expertise or competence). That the defendant breached this duty of care A breach of the duty of care is the failure to exercise care. That the plaintiff suffered injury The plaintiff must suffer personal injury or damage to his or her property to recover monetary damages for the defendants negligence. That the defendants act caused the plaintiffs injury A person who commits a negligent act is not liable unless his or her act was the cause of the plaintiffs injuries. Causation in fact or actual cause-a person who commits a negligent act is not liable unless causation in fact can be proven. Proximate or legal cause-the law establishes a point along a chain of events caused by a negligent party after which that party is no longer legally responsible for the consequences of his or her actions. Intentional and negligent infliction of emotional distress Intentional infliction of emotional distress or the tort of outrage occurs when a persons extreme and outrageous conduct intentionally or recklessly causes severe emotional distress to another person. Some jurisdictions have extended this doctrine to include negligent infliction of emotional distress where the defendants negligence causes emotional distress. The most common example is bystanders who witness the death or injury of a loved one caused by anothers negligent conduct. Special negligence doctrines Negligence per se is a tort where the violation of a statute or ordinance constitutes the breach of the duty of care. An example would include a statute that establishes a duty for homeowners to fix their sidewalks. Res ipsa loquitur can occur when the defendant was in exclusive control of the situation and the plaintiff would not have suffered injury but for someones negligence. A good example is a surgical instrument left in a patients body. Dram shop acts make taverns and bartenders liable for injuries caused to or by patrons who are served too much alcohol. Similarly, some states make social hosts liable for injuries caused by guests who become intoxicated at a social function. Many state guest statutes provide that if a driver voluntarily and without compensation gives a ride to another person, the driver is not liable to the passenger for injuries caused by the drivers ordinary negligence. Good Samaritan laws relieve medical professionals from liability for ordinary negligence when they stop and render aid to victims in emergency situations. Under the firemans rule, a fireman who is injured while putting out a fire may not sue the party whose negligence caused the fire. The danger invites rescue doctrine provides that a rescuer who is injured while going to someones rescue can sue the person who caused the dangerous situation. Common carriers are held to a higher standard than most other businesses; they have a duty of utmost care, rather than a duty of ordinary care, to their passengers and patrons. Landowners owe a duty of ordinary care to invitees and licensees, but generally do not owe a duty of ordinary care to a trespasser. Defenses to tort liability Superseding or intervening event-a defendant is not liable for injuries caused by a superseding or intervening event for which he or she is not responsible. Assumption of the risk-a defendant can use this defense against a plaintiff who knowingly and voluntarily entered into or participated in a risky activity, for example car racing, that resulted in injury. Contributory negligence-this doctrine states that a plaintiff who is partially at fault for his or her own injury cannot recover against the negligent defendant. Many states have rejected this doctrine and replaced it with the doctrine of comparative negligence. Comparative negligence-the comparative negligence doctrine apportions damages according to fault. Fraud Fraud or intentional misrepresentation or deceit occurs when a wrongdoer deceives another out of money, property, or something of value. The elements of fraud are: The wrongdoer made a false representation of material fact. The wrongdoer had knowledge that the representation was false and intended to deceive the innocent party (scienter). The innocent party justifiably relied on the misrepresentation. The innocent party was injured. Terms assault-(1) The threat of immediate harm or offensive contact or (2) any action that arouses reasonable apprehension of imminent harm. Actual physical contact is not necessary. assumption of the risk-A defense in which the defendant must prove that (1) the plaintiff knew and appreciated the risk and (2) the plaintiff voluntarily assumed the risk. battery-Unauthorized and harmful or offensive physical contact with another person. Direct physical contact is not necessary. causation in fact or actual cause-The actual cause of negligence. A person who commits a negligent act is not liable unless causation in fact can be proven. causation-A person who commits a negligent act is not liable unless his or her act was the cause of the plaintiffs injuries. The two types of causation that must be proven are (1) causation in fact (actual cause) and (2) proximate cause (legal cause). comparative negligence-A doctrine that applies to strict liability actions that says a plaintiff who is contributorily negligent for his injuries is responsible for a proportional share of the damages. contributory negligence-A doctrine that says a plaintiff who is partially at fault for his own injury cannot recover against the negligent defendant. conversion of personal property-A tort that deprives a true owner of the use and enjoyment of his or her personal property by taking over such property and exercising ownership rights over it. covenant of good faith and fair dealing-Under this implied covenant, the parties to a contract not only are held to the express terms of the contract but also are required to act in good faith and deal fairly in all respects in obtaining the objective of the contract. danger invites rescue doctrine-Doctrine that provides that a rescuer who is injured while going to someones rescue can sue the person who caused the dangerous situation. defamation of character-False statement(s) made by one person about another. In court, the plaintiff must prove that (1) the defendant made an untrue statement of fact about the plaintiff and (2) the statement was intentionally or accidentally published to a third party. Dram Shop Act-Statute that makes taverns and bartenders liable for injuries caused to or by patrons who are served too much alcohol. duty not to willfully or wantonly injure-The duty an owner owes a trespasser to prevent intentional injury or harm to the trespasser when the trespasser is on his or her premises. duty of ordinary care-Collecting banks are required to exercise ordinary care in presenting and sending checks for collection. duty of utmost care-A duty of care that goes beyond ordinary care that says common carriers and innkeepers have a responsibility to provide security to their passengers or guests. false imprisonment-The intentional confinement or restraint of another person without authority or justification and without that persons consent. Good Samaritan law-Statute that relieves medical professionals from liability for ordinary negligence when they stop and render aid to victims in emergency situations. guest statute-Statute that provides that if a driver of a vehicle voluntarily and without compensation gives a ride to another person, the driver is not liable to the passenger for injuries caused by the drivers ordinary negligence. injury-The plaintiff must suffer personal injury or damage to his or her property in order to recover monetary damages for the defendants negligence. intentional infliction of emotional distress-A tort that says a person whose extreme and outrageous conduct intentionally or recklessly causes severe emotional distress to another person is liable for that emotional distress. Also known as the tort of outrage. intentional interference with contractual relations-A tort that arises when a third party induces a contracting party to breach the contract with another party. intentional misrepresentation-(1) Tort that occurs when a wrongdoer deceives another person out of money, property, or something else of value. Also known as fraud or deceit; (2) when a seller or lessor fraudulently misrepresents the quality of a product and a buyer is injured thereby. intentional tort-Occurs when a person has intentionally committed a wrong against (1) another person or his or her character, or (2) another persons property. invasion of the right to privacy-A tort that constitutes the violation of a persons right to live his or her life without being subjected to unwarranted and undesired publicity. libel-A false statement that appears in a letter, newspaper, magazine, book, photograph, movie, video, etc. negligence per se-Tort where the violation of a statute or ordinance constitutes the breach of the duty of care. negligence-A tort related to defective products where the defendant has breached a duty of due care and caused harm to the plaintiff. negligent infliction of emotional distress-A tort that permits a person to recover for emotional distress caused by the defendants negligent conduct. palming off-Unfair competition that occurs when a company tries to pass one of its products as that of a rival. professional malpractice-The liability of a professional who breaches his duty of ordinary care. proximate cause or legal cause-A point along a chain of events caused by a negligent party after which this party is no longer legally responsible for the consequences of his or her actions. punitive damages-Damages that are awarded to punish the defendant, to deter the defendant from similar conduct in the future, and to set an example for others. res ipsa loquitur-Tort where the presumption of negligence arises because (1) the defendant was in exclusive control of the situation and (2) the plaintiff would not have suffered injury but for someones negligence. The burden switches to the defendant(s) to prove they were not negligent. slander-Oral defamation of character. social host liability-Rule that provides that social hosts are liable for injuries caused by guests who become intoxicated at a social function. States vary as to whether they have this rule in effect. strict liability-Liability without fault. superseding event-A defendant is not liable for injuries caused by a superseding or intervening event for which he or she is not responsible. tort of misappropriation of the right to publicity-An attempt by another person to appropriate a living persons name or identity for commercial purposes. tort-A wrong. There are three categories: (1) intentional torts, (2) unintentional torts (negligence), and (3) strict liability. trespass to land-A tort that interferes with an owners right to exclusive possession of land. trespass to personal property-A tort that occurs whenever one person injures another persons personal property or interferes with that persons enjoyment of his or her personal property. unfair competition-Competition that violates the law. Internet Links Torts generally: www.law.com American Bar Association Tort and Insurance Practice Section: www.abanet.org/tips/home.html Tort and Insurance Law Journal: www.abanet.org/tips/journal/lawjournal.html Discussion Question Knight v. Jewett Facts: On January 25, 1987, the day of the 1987 Super Bowl football game, plaintiff Kendra Knight and defendant Michael Jewett, together with a number of other social acquaintances, attended a Super Bowl party at the home of a mutual friend. During half time of the Super Bowl, several guests decided to play an informal game of touch football on an adjoining dirt lot, using a peewee football. Each team had four or five players and included both women and men; plaintiff and defendant were on opposing teams. No rules were explicitly discussed before the game. Five to ten minutes into the game, defendant ran into plaintiff during a play. According to plaintiff, at that point she told defendant not to play so rough or I was going to have to stop playing. Her declaration stated that [defendant] seemed to acknowledge my statement and left me with the impression that he would play less rough prospectively. In his deposition, defendant recalled that plaintiff had asked him to be careful, but did not remember plaintiff saying she would stop playing. On the very next play, plaintiff sustained the injuries that gave rise to the present lawsuit. As defendant recalled the incident, his team was on defense on that play, and he jumped up in an attempt to intercept a pass. He touched the ball but did not catch it, and in coming down collided with plaintiff, knocking her over. When he landed, he stepped backward onto plaintiffs right hand, injuring her hand and little finger. Both plaintiff and Andrea Starr, another participant in the game who was on the same team as plaintiff, recalled the incident differently from defendant. According to their declarations, at the time plaintiff was injured, Starr had already caught the pass. Defendant was running toward Starr, when he ran into plaintiff from behind, knocked her down, and stepped on her hand. Starr also stated that, after knocking plaintiff down, defendant continued running until he tagged Starr, which tag was hard enough to cause me to lose my balance, resulting in a twisting or spraining of my ankle. The game ended with plaintiffs injury, and plaintiff sought treatment shortly thereafter. After three operations failed to restore the movement in her little finger or to relieve the ongoing pain of the injury, plaintiffs finger was amputated. Plaintiff then instituted the present proceeding, seeking damages from defendant on theories of negligence and assault and battery. Imagine that you are on the California Supreme Court and are faced with this case. Do you rule that the plaintiff is barred any recovery because California has followed the common law theory of assumption of risk? Or do you rule that the plaintiffs conduct was such that she does not come within the doctrine of assumption of risk? Or finally, do you rule that the assumption of risk defense should simply be discarded in modern tort practice and you rule that the assumption of risk is no longer a valid doctrine in California. (Please note, I am not asking you to research the actual case, but rather to use the text and your own experience to guide your opinion.)

Robert Jordans Wheel of Time :: Robert Jordan Wheel of Time

Robert Jordan's Wheel of Time â€Å"The Wheel of Time turns, and Ages come and pass, leaving memories that become legend. Legend fades to myth, and even myth is long forgotten when the Age that gave it birth comes again. In one Age, called the Third Age by some, an Age yet to come, an Age long past, a wind rose in the Mountains of Mist. The wind was not the beginning. There are neither beginnings nor endings to the turning of the Wheel of Time. But it was a beginning.† (Jordan, 1). In the world of Robert Jordan’s bestselling fantasy series, "The Wheel of Time", the life of the ordinary people has been undergoing some extraordinary changes. The legendary Dragon has been Reborn, and the Last Battle to decide the fate of humanity draws nigh. Meanwhile, outside of this world sit millions of readers, from all reaches of life, waiting anxiously for the next chapter in the story to be told. They debate what has happened, what it means in the context of the story, what it means for the future of the Wheel, as well as how it impacts their lives’. The Wheel of Time is a world where absolute good battles absolute evil, and yet shades of grey cloud the landscape. A world of hope and despair, a world of peace and war. From this world a following has grown. People from different cultures, different languages, and different political ideologies gravitate together forming a cohesive group that helps to spread the word about the work of Robert Jordan. In much the same manner that J.R.R. Tolkien created a myth for the modern ages with his saga "The Lord of the Rings" and George Lucas has done with his "Star Wars" series of movies, so has Robert Jordan entered into the realm of mythology with his work "The Wheel of Time". And this myth, like those which have come recently, and those from antiquity, has created a community of followers around it. They are drawn together initially because of a personal interest, and they stay not only for that interest, but because of the community that grows as a result of engaging themselves with this story. The world of the Wheel is one that is beginning to see turmoil when it is first introduced to the readers. Winter is holding on much longer than it should, and there is fear in the air (Jordan Eye 11). Robert Jordan's Wheel of Time :: Robert Jordan Wheel of Time Robert Jordan's Wheel of Time â€Å"The Wheel of Time turns, and Ages come and pass, leaving memories that become legend. Legend fades to myth, and even myth is long forgotten when the Age that gave it birth comes again. In one Age, called the Third Age by some, an Age yet to come, an Age long past, a wind rose in the Mountains of Mist. The wind was not the beginning. There are neither beginnings nor endings to the turning of the Wheel of Time. But it was a beginning.† (Jordan, 1). In the world of Robert Jordan’s bestselling fantasy series, "The Wheel of Time", the life of the ordinary people has been undergoing some extraordinary changes. The legendary Dragon has been Reborn, and the Last Battle to decide the fate of humanity draws nigh. Meanwhile, outside of this world sit millions of readers, from all reaches of life, waiting anxiously for the next chapter in the story to be told. They debate what has happened, what it means in the context of the story, what it means for the future of the Wheel, as well as how it impacts their lives’. The Wheel of Time is a world where absolute good battles absolute evil, and yet shades of grey cloud the landscape. A world of hope and despair, a world of peace and war. From this world a following has grown. People from different cultures, different languages, and different political ideologies gravitate together forming a cohesive group that helps to spread the word about the work of Robert Jordan. In much the same manner that J.R.R. Tolkien created a myth for the modern ages with his saga "The Lord of the Rings" and George Lucas has done with his "Star Wars" series of movies, so has Robert Jordan entered into the realm of mythology with his work "The Wheel of Time". And this myth, like those which have come recently, and those from antiquity, has created a community of followers around it. They are drawn together initially because of a personal interest, and they stay not only for that interest, but because of the community that grows as a result of engaging themselves with this story. The world of the Wheel is one that is beginning to see turmoil when it is first introduced to the readers. Winter is holding on much longer than it should, and there is fear in the air (Jordan Eye 11).

Life Role Essay -- Personal Narrative Roles Essays

Life Role For every role that is â€Å"performed† in one’s life, the antithesis of that role also is performed. As I examine my many roles that I play in life, I realize that the majority of my time spent on this planet has been filled with learning. We all are eternal students, I guess you could say; this would at least be true in an ideal world. And for every individual whom consumes his or herself with being a student, that person also is a teacher. Too often the definition of teaching gets associated with a labeled person- a person with chalk-stained hands and a bright red apple upon a desk. I believe that teaching goes far beyond any one person who can stand in front of a classroom and program minds with information that will help pass standardized tests, information that will be vastly useless in the â€Å"real world†. More useful in our day-to-day reality are the lessons we take from regular people in our lives. Our parents are our first teachers and the ones that we probably obtain the most information from. Yet most of them do not have a degree in education. And those same parents will learn more from their children than they could have ever been taught in a classroom. The point here is that from the day we are born, we are students and teachers all at the same time. And these are the roles that I feel are most important to discuss as far as their application to my life. It is difficult to pinpoint the social influences that molded my role. Rather than being shaped from a handful of individuals, I think it was affected more by a collaboration of everyone I have encountered throughout my life. Just as everyone, in their own little way, make an impression on one’s life, so do they impact the role that we will continue to play throughout our lives. Obviously, though, some people are more important in this formation process. These people, of course, are our parents, schoolteachers, close friends, confidants, siblings, and anyone else whom we are relatively close to throughout our lives. Much like everything else in life, you may be good or bad at any certain role that you play. As far as teaching goes, some are good and helpful whereas some are destructive. Teaching does not always have to be a positive effort. A younger sibling may pick up bad habits from his or her older brother or sister, etc. It is likely that a strength or weakness in our te... ...clearly defined roles. Maybe this is just because that person chose to exemplify a certain role by making it a career, or maybe it’s because that person has become obsessed with one of their roles in life. They may forsake things in their own life in order to carry out this role. This is well illustrated in a quote by an opera singer named Mary Garden, who was never married or had friends of her own because she worked so hard to create the facade of whatever character she was playing at the time. She stated, â€Å"The others ‘acted’ a role; I was the role. She who was Mary Garden died so that it might live. That was my genius ... and my sacrifice. It drained off so much of me that by comparison my private life was empty. I could not give myself completely twice.† There are many roles to play in this drama that is life. It’s an impressive feat to be able to juggle all of these roles. To me, the most important lesson is to keep one role ongoing even though you may have to do the opposite side of it. What I mean by this is never stop being certain because of a question and never stop doctoring if you have to be a patient and never stop teaching while you feel that you must learn.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  

A necessary Evil

I am completely against the proliferation of supermax prisons. Despite the fact that these people who are put in there are put with a reason I still think that this is not a final solution but instead it is a beginning of a bigger problem. The fact that these prisoners will one day be set free and come to join us is actually threatening after looking at the effects these super max prisons have on the victims.I will want to discuss the effects of these as analyzed in `A Necessary Evil? ` By Vince BeiserThese super max prisons are turning prisoners into mental cases; the set up of these prisons is very different in terms of isolation and activities. Unlike other prisons including Maximum security prisons where inmates can play basketball, work in the laundry room or in the dining room, the super max prison one can hardly take in to any activity, there aren’t any jobs, nothing educational.You are left alone and there is no human contact! One is locked in a room of 8 – by à ¢â‚¬â€œ 10 foot almost the whole time. One can not even see other prisoners or the prison guards. It is truly a cage of isolation. These places are meant for those prisoners who commit crimes while in prison and therefore can be as ‘prison in prison’When one is left in such isolation for a long period, a lot of things are likely to happen affecting especially the psychology of the victim. ‘Psychiatrists, activists and some correctional officials say the intense isolation of supermaxes is producing prisoners who are uncontrollably furious and sometimes violently deranged. Most of those Prisoners will one day be set free.In the past three years, in fact, Nearly 1,000 California SHU inmates at the end of their sentences were moved to less-restrictive prisons for just a few weeks, and then released’. As seen from Dr. Stuart study of effects of solitary confinement for a period longer than two decades, the examination was on more than one hundred super max priso ns and his conclusion was: super max can literally drive inmates crazy. The fact that there are many cases of people who never suffered psychiatric illnesses but once they went through super max prisons they developed such illness. This is enough good prove that these institutions are doing more harm than good. People going through these institutions are expected to come out worse than they were in the beginning. Dr Terry Kupers, a psychiatrist based in Oakland who has many years of experience in prison work had this to say â€Å"I've almost never seen self-mutilation among adult males anywhere else, but it's very common in SHUs.† At the landmark Madrid v. Gomez federal trial in 1995 over conditions at Pelican Bay, even the prison’s senior staff psychologist acknowledged seeing psychiatric deterioration among some SHU prisoners.There are problems faced and experienced by the prison in the super max prisons such as hypersensitivity to external stimuli, paranoia and sometimes hallucinations. Prisoners some time develop panic attacks, hostile fantasies involving revenge, torture, mutulatuion and outbursts. This at times gets to higher extents and the prisoner can even gorge out their eyes, they can bite chucks of their own flesh†¦ The speech of one prisoner featured is â€Å"Matthew Lowe’ he confesses that in his years at the super max prison he only had a chance to speak to five or six people in the whole period of three years. He says that he just sat there and thought of doing something crazy all the time.He has known that since then he has become paranoid and jumpy; ‘†So many times I've come so close to snapping since I got out,† he says. â€Å"One time in a store, someone cut in front of me in line—a 50-year-old guy, I don't think he even realized it. I had to catch myself, because my first thought was just to smash him.†An interview conducted to the other prisoners of the regular prisons support the fact that those in the supermax prisons are getting damaged psychologically was by Dr. Grassian. Almost all the inmates interviewed including one correctional officer admiited that other prisoners suffer serious mental deterioration in the SHU; they could be heard screa ming, banging on doors cutting themselves.

Performance Measurement Systems Essay

Performance Measurement Systems Performance measurement systems are an integral part of the management control systems. Management control is a process through which management ensures that resources are obtained and used effectively and efficiently in accomplishing the organization’s goals. To be most effective performance measures should be tied to the strategic objectives of the organization. Two key principles of performance measurements are; measurement of performance and compensation based on measured performance. The goal of performance measurement system is to implement strategies. A performance measurement system is simply a mechanism that improves the likelihood the organization will implement its strategy successfully. Any performance measurement system blends the financial information and non-financial information with each other. In setting up such systems, the senior management selects measures that best represent the company’s strategy and these measures can be seen as current and future critical success factors. Uses of Performance Measurement According to Behn (2003) the uses of performance measurement are as follows: 1) To evaluate. To evaluate performance, the senior managers need to determine what a business unit manager is supposed to accomplish. 2) To control. Performance measurement can ensure the senior managers that their subordinates are doing the right thing. 3) To budget. Sometimes budgets increase could be the answer to improving performance. 4) To motivate. Performance measurement systems give people significant goals to achieve and then use performance measures—including interim targets—to focus people’s thinking and work and to provide periodic sense of accomplishment. ) To celebrate. By achieving specific goals, people gain sense of personal accomplishment and selfworth. 6) To promote. To convince the stockholders that their organization is doing good, manages need easily understood measures of those aspects of performance about which many stockholders personally care 7) To learn. Learning is involved with some process, of analysis information provided from evaluating corporat e performance (identifying what works and what does not). By analyzing that information, corporation able to learn reasons behind its poor or good performance. 8) To improve. In order for corporations to measure what it wants to improve it first need to identify what it will improve and develop processess to accomplish that. Performance measurement systems develop a feedback to assess with plans to achieve improvements and to determine if those processess create forecasted results (improvements). Limitations of Financial Control Systems 1. It may encourage short-term actions that are not in the company’s long-term interests. . Business managers may not undertake useful long-term actions, in order to obtain short-term profits. 3. Using short-term profit as the objective can distort communication between a business unit manager and senior management. 4. Tight financial control may motivate managers to manipulate data. Comprehensive Performance Measures Comprehensive performance measures must address: 1. Financial performance 2. Custome r satisfaction 3. Internal business process developments and 4. Allow an organization to learn and grow. Financial Performance can be measured by: 1. Residual measures (accounting profit measures) such as net income, operating profit, earnings before interest, tax, depreciation, and amortization (EBITDA) 2. Ratio income (accounting return measures) such as Return on Investment (ROI), Return on Net Assets (RONA), or Risk Adjusted Return on Capital (RAROC). Customer-related measures 1. Bookings 2. Back orders 3. Market share 4. Key account orders 5. Customer satisfaction 6. Customer retention 7. Customer loyalty Internal Business Process Measures 1. Capacity utilization 2. On-time delivery 3. Inventory turnover 4. Quality 5. Cycle time Learning and Growth measures 1. Learning and growth identifies the infrastructure an organization must build to create long-term growth and improvement. 2. Growth comes from: people, systems and organizational procedures. Implementing a Performance Measurement Systems Implementation of a performance measurement system involves four general steps: 1. Define Strategy: * The BSC builds a link between strategy and operational action. * Therefore, it begins with the strategy first, to achieve the goals and objectives. 2. Define Measures of Strategy: The next step is to develop the measures to support the formulated strategy. * The organization must focus on a few critical measures and should not overload with the measures. * And importantly, the measures should be linked with each other in a cause and effect manner. 3. Integrate measures into the management system: * The scorecard must be integrated with the organization’s formal and informal structures, cultu re and human resource practices. 4. Review measures and results frequently: once the scorecard is implemented and running, the senior management should review is constantly. The organization should look for the following: * How the organization is is doing according to the outcome measures? * How the organization is is doing according to the driver measures? * How has the organization’s strategy changed since the last review? * How has the scorecard measures changed? Difficulties in implementation Performance Measurement Systems 1. Poor correlation between non-financial measures and results 2. Fixation on financial results 3. Measures are not updated 4. Measures are overloaded 5. Difficulty in establishing trade-offs

Hewlett Packard (HP) company expert project Essay

Hewlett-Packard Company is an American multinational corporation focusing on information technology. It is headquartered in USA, California, Palo Alto. HP is among the world’s largest organization and operates virtually in every country of the world. The company focuses on the development and manufacturing of computing, networking, and data storage hardware. The company products include enterprise servers, personal computing devices, related storage devices, and a wide range of printers plus other imaging products. The company sells its products to households, small, medium and large-scale business entities, and other users (Packard, Kirby and Lewis, 2006). Wired Magazine identifies HP as the first producer of marketed and mass produced personal computers (House and Lewis, 2009). The Hewlett-Packard 9100A was produced in 1969, coming as the first scientific calculator. The company is credited with producing the world’s first scientific electronic calculator in the year 1972.   This only captures a segment of the many electronics the company pioneered in their production.   This presents the company as revolutionary as it focuses on the production of new efficient products into the world. 1.   History Dave Packard and Bill Hewlett founded the HP Company in the year 1993. At the time of conceiving the idea, the two were students at the Stanford University. The Company’s first product, an audio oscillator for testing sound was built in Palo Alto garage. Walt Disney Studios was among the company’s first customers as reflected by the purchase of eight oscillators, which went into use in the testing of the sound system in the production of the movie Fantasia (House and Lewis, 2009). The HP Company is among the few business entities in the world, which successfully married computing measurement technologies, and communication (House and Lewis, 2009). The company continues to make progress in portable computing, entry into home computing, and imaging and printing solutions. For the latter part of the past decade, the HP Company enjoyed twenty percent growth rates on yearly rates (House and Lewis, 2009). In the 1990’s Lew Plant replaced the retiring John Young. The leadership change continued to see the growth path charted by the company go on. It is at this time that the HP Company gets recognition as a company, which values its workers as it offers a balance on work-life, diversity, and community involvement is struck.   This is the major reason behind the huge attraction the company has on both current and potential employees. At the turn of the century, HP formed Agilent Technologies. At the same time, it brought on board Carleton (Carly) Fiorina as the new CEO. Carleton Fiorina primarily focused on reinvesting for growth and leadership (Packard, Kirby and Lewis, 2006). The major changes in the company rest on the part of a spin-off of its business to Agilent Technologies in the year 1999. In the year 2002, HP merged with Compaq. In 2008, HP acquired EDS, which saw an increased revenue up to 118 billion US dollars.   HP, in November 2009, acquired 3Com. In April the subsequent year, HP paid one billion two hundred million US dollars towards the purchase of Palm. As at May 2010, the acquisition of Palm had been finalized (House and Lewis, 2009). The business environment of the HP Company just as in any other environment is characterized by competition (Packard, Kirby and Lewis, 2006). This offers a partial explanation as to why the company has focused on the acquisition strategy. The presence of other competitors like Toshiba, Acer, Dell, etc imply that the company’s position in the market is threatened, as a result, it has to engage in measures aimed at improving or retaining its market share. The growing population and demand for electronic goods on the other hand, presents opportunities for the HP Company (Packard, Kirby and Lewis, 2006). Through the acquisition strategy, the company has spread its presence across the globe and thus has the opportunity of studying the different markets’ preferences. This forms the basis upon which HP should embark on producing market specific products. This should ensure an improved market share and a check on its competitors. Overall, the company does not appear to have taken dramatic changes to counter emerging threats. 2.   Strategy Brand positioning and differentiation At the acquisition time, Compaq was the low-end dominant computer vendor (Collins, 2009). Its brand had become premium in both business and home use. On the other hand, HP enjoyed the repute of producing the best instruments in the computing market. After bringing these two brands under one leadership, there was a challenge of harmonizing them into one. HP did not have the option of jettisoning Compaq owing to its valuable brand. At the sale instance, it was difficult marketing the two lines for the same product (Collins, 2009).   The result due to this is reflected on the HP website, which reveals a feeble brand differentiation between the two. It remains difficult for an average customer to differentiate the two. The acquisition strategy seems to be the major growth approach employed y the company. The acquisition of several businesses in various parts of the world indicates the place of the strategy in the company’s developmental agenda.   This strategy is useful as it underlies a variety of benefits attributable to it (Collins, 2009). The acquisition strategy is not unique to the HP Company as its major competitors as IBM employs the same approach.   During the stewardship of Carly, HP went head to head with IBM concerning the acquisition of PricewaterhouseCoopers Consulting wing. The acquisition price ballooned prompting a withdrawal by HP. Later IBM completed the acquisition (Collins, 2009). The presence of a number of competitors in the computing industry seems to be the major reason why the company chose to employ the acquisition strategy (Dong, 2009).   With competitors like Dell, IBM, etc, the company is under no illusions. It must work out means of remaining ahead or at the minimum, getting close to these companies.   Towards the pursuit to maintain and increase on its market share, HP had to adopt the acquisition strategy to compete effectively. Success is a function of several factors and as a result, it is difficult to pinpoint a specific one for success (Russ, 2002).   The major strategy employed by HP is the acquisition method. It is only once that the company had faltered in making an acquisition deal go though albeit on the basis of this paper. This was after the ballooning of the price on the PricewaterhouseCoopers making HP to baulk. Based on the fact that IBM paid a fraction of what HP was being asked to remit, then the execution of HP is plausible on this instance. However, based on the disadvantage of allowing your top competitor make the acquisition, it does not augur well for HP. However, this is only an instance, which happened during the rein of the disgraced Carly Fiorina. Given the company had achieved tremendous success before Carly Fiorina’s appointment, and it seems to be doing fairly well after her exit, the company strategy must have played a significant roe in the development of the company. However, a strategy alone is not good enough; its execution is equally important. On this evidence, it is held that the success of HP heavily rested on its strategy just as it did rest on its execution. Technology is a rapidly changing area of business (Collins, 2009). The company thus needs to be responsive to these changes. Towards this end, the company needs to alter its products if it is to compete. The presence of other giant industry players makes it difficult for the company to lag behind in terms of adopting newest technology in its product manufacturing.   Competition is healthy especially to the consumers; however, this poses a serious threat to the company, as it must check this or face declining sales. 3.   Culture From the beginning, Packard and Hewlett developed a leadership style never practiced before. They coined a corporate culture known as ‘the HP way’. The culture renounced the ‘hire and fire’ mentality. This is reflected by the defying of temptations to lay off workers despite the1974 US economic crisis. The two owners also underscored the need to promote own motivation at the workplace. The company was run like a family. The profit sharing approach underscores this focus. Further to this, employees were extended several benefits, which meant that HP was the perfect and unique employer (Buhler, 2003). In 1950, Bill and Dave chose to write down the company objectives to serve as guidelines in reference to all decision-making in the company, this was aimed at keeping pace with the growth the company had achieved by this time.   The objectives covered citizenship, management, the growth people, customers, and profits. Towards achieving the goal, team-wok was proposed (Collins, 2009). Based on section of workers, HP was premised on religion when referring to the company philosophy. The company was viewed as inviolable. The management philosophy was founded on teamwork, respect for individuals, innovation, integrity, and contribution to society. This explains why the company gained a lot of respect both from its workers and from members of society. The founding fathers; Dave Packard and Bill Hewlett are credited with the introduction of this legendary leadership style into the company (Dong, 2009). The hiring of Carly Fiorina from outside the company ranks coming after the merger with Compaq seems to have brought changes hitherto un-witnessed. Carly Fiorina was accused of carelessly handling workers issues especially on lay-offs.in the lay-off exercises, Carly Fiorina factored in on profits with little regard on the welfare of the workers. At the same time, Carly Fiorina  Ã‚   is accused of introducing the element of personality cult into the organization. It is during the reign of Carly Fiorina that employees began complaining about fear. The CEO’s reign was further characterized by proxy wars. Retirees also complained about ignored views and total disregard of contributions. This presented a big departure from the initial cultures as set by the two owners (Dong, 2009). Rather than firing, employees were reassigned duties. Employees were allowed up to six months to find their desired positions. If one failed to locate a working position, s/he was allowed to quit as opposed to being fired. This was during the good old days. The management interacted freely with the workers to facilitate sharing of information. Both Hewlett and Packard took time to talk to staff at various HP points (Dong, 2009). The focus was on creating a loyal workforce. Fiorina is accused of turning the company fortunes to a lower scale (Dong, 2009). This is reflected in the way in which employees were laid off. Further to this, Fiorina made comments intended to belittle Walter Hewlett, her merger opponent, this indicates a departure from the original HP way. The dramatic change in the culture of the environment was occasioned due to the changing environment in characterizing the industry (Walton, 2002).   This would enable the company gauge competition and remain in business though its position as a credible employer could loose credibility. However, the extent to which culture affects the organization has weathered over time. Unlike in the past, organizational structure seems to be in control as opposed to the cultural aspect.   The fact that the organizational set up has managed to change its focus from cultural attributes of the company serves to augment this position.

Review of New Types of Relation Extraction Methods

This is explained by the fact that patterns do not tend to uniquely identify the given relation. The systems which participated in MUCH and deal with relation extraction also rely on rich rules for identifying relations (Fought et al. 1 998; Gargling et al. 1998; Humphreys et al. 1998). Humphreys et al. 1998) mention that they tried to add only those rules which were (almost) certain never to generate errors in analysis; therefore, they had adopted a low recall and high precision approach. However, in this case, many relations may be missed due to the lack of unambiguous rules to extract them.To conclude, knowledge-based methods are not easily portable to other domains and involve too much manual labor. However, they can be used effectively if the main aim is to get results quickly in well-defined domains and document collections. 5 Supervised Methods Supervised methods rely on a training set where domain-specific examples eave been tagged. Such systems automatically learn extractors for relations by using machine-learning techniques. The main problem of using these methods is that the development of a suitably tagged corpus can take a lot of time and effort.On the other hand, these systems can be easily adapted to a different domain provided there is training data. There are different ways that extractors can be learnt in order to solve the problem of supervised relation extraction: kernel methods (Shoo and Grossman 2005; Bunches and Mooney 2006), logistic regression (Kamala 2004), augmented parsing (Miller et al. 2000), Conditional Random Fields CRY) (Calcutta et al. 2006). In RE in general and supervised RE in particular a lot of research was done for IS-A relations and extraction of taxonomies.Several resources were built based on collaboratively built Wisped (YOGA – (Issuance et al. 2007); Depended – (Rue et al. 2007); Freebase – (Blacker et al. 2008); Wicking (Instates et al. 2010)). In general, Wisped is becoming more and more popula r as a source for RE. E. G. (Opponent and Strobe 2007; Unguent et al. AAA, b, c). Query logs are also considered a valuable source of information for RE and their analysis is even argued to give better results than other suggested methods in the field (Passes 2007, 2009). 5. 19 Weakly-supervised Methods Some supervised systems also use bootstrapping to make construction of the training data easier. These methods are also sometimes referred to as â€Å"huckleberries information extraction†. Bring (1998) describes the DIPPER (Dual Iterative Pattern Relation Expansion) method used for identifying authors of the books. It uses an initial small set of seeds or a set of hand- constructed extraction patterns to begin the training process. After the occurrences of needed information are found, they are further used for recognition of new patterns.Regardless of how promising bootstrapping can seem, error propagation becomes a serious problem: mistakes in extraction at the initial stag es generate more mistakes at later stages and decrease the accuracy of the extraction process. For example, errors that expand to named entity recognition, e. G. Extracting incomplete proper names, result in choosing incorrect seeds for the next step of bootstrapping. Another problem that can occur is that of semantic drift. This happens when senses of the words are not taken into account and therefore each iteration results in a move from the original meaning.Some researchers (Korea and How 2010; Hove et al. 2009; Korea et al. 2008) have suggested ways to avoid this problem and enhance the performance of this method by using doubly- anchored patterns (which include both the class name and a class member) as well as graph structures. Such patterns have two anchor seed positions â€Å"{type} such as {seed} and *† and also one open position for the terms to be learnt, for example, pattern â€Å"Presidents such as Ford and {X}† can be used to learn names of the presidents .Graphs are used for storing information about patterns, found words and links to entities they helped to find. This data is further used for calculating popularity and productivity of the candidate words. This approach helps to enhance the accuracy of bootstrapping and to find high-quality information using only a few seeds. Korea (2012) employs a similar approach for the extraction Of cause-effect relations, where the pattern for bootstrapping has a form of â€Å"X and Y verb Z†, for example, and virus cause Human-based evaluation reports 89 % accuracy on 1500 examples. Self-supervised Systems Self-supervised systems go further in making the process of information extraction unsupervised. The Knolling Web II system (Edition et al. 2005), an example of a self-supervised system, learns â€Å"to label its own training examples using only a small set of domain-independent extraction patterns†. It uses a set of generic patterns to automatically instantiate relation-specif ic extraction rules and then learns domain-specific extraction rules and the whole process is repeated iteratively. The Intelligence in Wisped (IPP) project (Weld et al. 2008) is another example of a self-supervised system.It bootstraps from the Wisped corpus, exploiting the fact that each article corresponds to a primary object and that any articles contain infusions (brief tabular information about the article). This system is able to use Wisped infusions as a starting point for training 20 the classifiers for the page type. IPP trains extractors for the various attributes and they can later be used for extracting information from general Web pages. The disadvantage of IPP is that the amount of relations described in Wisped infusions is limited and so not all relations can be extracted using this method. . 1 Open Information Extraction Edition et al. (2008) introduced the notion of Open Information Extraction, which is opposed to Traditional Relation Extraction. Open information e xtraction is â€Å"a novel extraction paradigm that tackles an unbounded number of relations†. This method does not presuppose a predefined set of relations and is targeted at all relations that can be extracted. The Open Relation extraction approach is relatively a new one, so there is only a small amount of projects using it. Texturing (Bank and Edition 2008; Bank et al. 2007) is an example of such a system.A set of relinquishment's lexicon-syntactic patterns is used to build a relation- independent extraction model. It was found that 95 % Of all relations in English can be described by only 8 general patterns, e. G. â€Å"El Verb E â€Å". The input of such a system is only a corpus and some relation-independent heuristics, relation names are not known in advance. Conditional Random Fields (CRY) are used to identify spans of tokens believed to indicate explicit mentions of relationships between entities and the whole problem of relation extraction is treated as a problem of sequence labeling.The set of linguistic features used in this system is similar to those used by other state of-the-art relation extraction systems and includes e. G. Part-of-speech tags, regular expressions for detection of capitalization and punctuation, context words. At this stage of development this system â€Å"is able to extract instances of the four most frequently observed relation types: Verb, Noun+Prep, Verb+Prep and Infinitive†. It has a number of limitations, which are however common to all RE systems: it extracts only explicitly expressed relations that are primarily word-based; relations should occur between entity names within the same sentence.Bank and Edition (2008) report a precision of 88. 3 % and a recall of 45. 2 Even though the system shows very good results the relations are not pacified and so there are difficulties in using them in some other systems. Output Of the system consists Of tepees stating there is some relation between two entities, but there is no generalization of these relations. Www and Weld (2010) combine the idea of Open Relation Extraction and the use of Wisped infusions and produce systems called Weepers and Weeps . Weepers improves Texturing dramatically but it is 30 times slower than Texturing.However, Weeps does not have this disadvantage and still shows an improved F-measure over Texturing between 1 5 % to 34 % on three corpora. Fader et al. 201 1) identify several flaws in previous works in Open Information Extraction: â€Å"the learned extractors ignore both â€Å"holistic† aspects of the relation phrase (e. G. , is it contiguous? ) as well as lexical aspects (e. G. , how many instances of this relation are there? )†. They target these problems by introducing syntactic constraints (e. G. , they require the relation phrase to match the POS tag 21 pattern) and lexical constraints.Their system Revere achieves an AUK which is 30 % better than WOE (Www and Weld 201 0) and Texturing (Bank and Denton 2008). Unshackles et al. (AAA) approach this problem from another angle. They try to mine for patterns expressing various relations and organism then in hierarchies. They explore binary relations between entities and employ frequent items mining (Augural et al. 1993; Syrians and Augural 1 996) to identify the most frequent patterns. Their work results in a resource called PATTY which contains 350. 69 pattern sunsets and substitution relations and achieves 84. 7 % accuracy. Unlike Revere (Fader et al. 201 1) which constrains patterns to verbs or verb phrases that end with prepositions, PATTY can learn arbitrary patterns. The authors employ so called syntactic- ontological-lexical patterns (SOL patterns). These patterns constitute a sequence of words, POS-tags, wildcats, and ontological types. For example, the pattern â€Å"persons [ads] voice * song† would match the strings my Heinousness soft voice in Rehab and Elvis Presley solid voice in his song All shook up.Their approach is based on collecting dependency paths from the sentences where two named entities are tagged (YACHT (Hoffa et al. 2011) is used as a database of all Ones). Then the textual pattern is extracted by finding the shortest paths connecting two entities. All of these patterns are transformed into SOL (abstraction of a textual pattern). Frequent items quinine is used for this: all textual patterns are decomposed into n-grams (n consecutive words). A SOL pattern contains only the n-grams that appear frequently in the corpus and the remaining word sequences are replaced by wildcats.The support set of the pattern is described as the set of pairs of entities that appear in the place Of the entity placeholders in all strings in the corpus that match the pattern. The patterns are connected in one sunset (so are considered synonymous) if their supporting sets coincide. The overlap of the supporting sets is also employed to identify substitution relations between various sunsets. . 2 Di stant Learning Mint et al. (2009) introduce a new term â€Å"distant supervision†. The authors use a large semantic database Freebase containing 7,300 relations between 9 million named entities.For each pair of entities that appears in Freebase relation, they identify all sentences containing those entities in a large unlabeled corpus. At the next step textual features to train a relation classifier are extracted. Even though the 67,6 % of precision achieved using this method has room for improvement, it has inspired many researchers to further investigate in this direction. Currently there are a number of papers ring to enhance â€Å"distant learning† in several directions. Some researchers target the heuristics that are used to map the relations in the databases to the texts, for example, (Takeouts et al. 01 2) argue that improving matching helps to make data less noisy and therefore enhances the quality of relation extraction in general. Hay et al. (2010) propose us ing an undirected graphical model for relation extraction which employs â€Å"distant learning' but enforces selection preferences. Ridded et al. (2010) reports 31 % error reduction compared to (Mint et al. 2009). 22 Another problem that has been addressed is language ambiguity (Hay et al. 01 1, 2012). Most methods cluster shallow or syntactic patterns of relation mentions, but consider only one possible sense per pattern.However, this assumption is often violated in reality. Hay et al. (201 1) uses generative probabilistic models, where both entity type constraints within a relation and features on the dependency path between entity mentions are exploited. This research is similar to DIRT (Line and Panatela 2001 ) which explores distributional similarity of dependency paths in order to discover different representations of the same semantic relation. However, Hay et al. (2011) employ another approach and apply IDA (Belie et al. 2003) with a slight modification: observations are re lation tepees and not words.So as a result of this modification instead of representing semantically related words, the topic latent variable represents a relation type. The authors combine three models: Reel-LAD, Reel-LDAP and Type-LAD. In the third model the authors split the features of a duple into relation level features and entity level features. Relation level features include the dependency path, trigger, lexical and POS features; entity level features include the entity mention itself and its named entity tag. These models output clustering of observed relation tepees and their associated textual expressions.